Born in Ohio in 1925, James S Grotstein was an American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst.He was a key figure in the introduction of Kleinian ideas to Californian psychoanalysis, and a passionate follower of Bion’s work. He possessed great enthusiasm for life, as well as a lively sense of humour, a keen habit of punning and playing with language, and a love of tennis.

James Grotstein

Grotstein’s defining characteristics was a passionate, sustained desire to link what, to others, might appear very different – even irreconcilable – conceptual strains.“I myself am basically Kleinian – with a Bionian accent. I speak Winnicott and Fairbairn fluently, and Lacan less fluently. But I would never want to undertake an analysis without Kohut looking over my shoulder – as one of my highly treasured guides.”

Psychoanalytic multilingualism

From his first encounter with Bion’s ideas, Grotstein was a committed advocate of his work. He went on to be both supervised and analysed by him for 6 years. Grotstein himself was sometimes perplexed, though always enthralled, by Bion’s extensions of Kleinian and Freudian concepts. He was fascinated by Bion’s quite philosophical – indeed, spiritual – concept of ‘O’.

Klein and Bion Influence

Wilfred Bion's concept of O is his most mysterious idea, representing absolute truth and the mind necessary to apprehend it. It is also his most controversial idea, for it reflects infinite, unknowable, ultimate reality – all ideas that, like O, cannot be defined in logical terms.In a way O is a more transcendent version of the Unconscious.

Bion’s Concept of “O”

In his book, “Who Is the Dreamer Who Dreams the Dream? A Study of Psychic Presences”, James Grotstein integrates some of his most important work of recent years in addressing fundamental questions of human psychology and spirituality. He explores two quintessential and interrelated psychoanalytic problems:〰️ the nature of the unconscious mind and 〰️ the meaning and inner structure of human subjectivity.

Who Is the Dreamer, Who Dreams the Dream?

James Grotstein truly had, and never lost, the beginner’s attitude: he felt fascinated by what he was privileged to hear, see and think in relation to others.

The Beginner’s Mindset

We shall not cease from exploration
And the end of all our exploring
Will be to arrive where we started
And know the place for the first time.

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

philosophy

Philosophy

history

History

mentalhealth

Mental Health

videos

Videos

James Grotstein – Psychoanalytic ‘multilingualism’

Women Who Run with the Wolves" by Clarissa Pinkola Estés is a rich tapestry of stories, myths, and folklore woven together to explore the feminine psyche and the wild woman archetype.

Estés introduces the concept of the "wild woman," an instinctual, primal aspect of the feminine psyche that is often suppressed or neglected in modern society. This archetype embodies intuition, creativity, and vitality, and it is symbolized by various mythological figures such as the wolf, the wise old woman, and the wild woman herself.

Wild Woman Archetype:

Throughout the book, Estés analyzes and interprets a wide range of myths, fairy tales, and folk stories from different cultures around the world. These stories serve as metaphors for the challenges, struggles, and transformations that women experience in their lives. By delving into these ancient narratives, Estés uncovers timeless wisdom and insights into the feminine journey.

Myths and Folktales:

Estés encourages women to reclaim their inner power and authenticity by embracing their instincts, intuition, and emotions. She emphasizes the importance of connecting with the natural world, honoring one's instincts, and trusting the wisdom of the body. Through storytelling and reflection, she guides readers on a journey of self-discovery and empowerment.

Reclaiming Feminine Power:

The book offers guidance on how women can heal from past wounds, traumas, and societal conditioning. Estés explores the process of inner transformation, which involves confronting fears, embracing the shadow self, and reclaiming lost parts of the psyche. She offers tools, practices, and rituals for self-care, self-expression, and spiritual growth.

Healing and Transformation:

Estés highlights the importance of creativity and self-expression as essential aspects of feminine vitality. She encourages women to cultivate their creative talents, whether through art, writing, dance, or other forms of expression. Creativity, she argues, is a powerful force for healing, liberation, and self-discovery.

Creative Expression:

"Women Who Run with the Wolves" is a deeply insightful and empowering book that resonates with women seeking to reconnect with their inner strength, intuition, and authenticity. It celebrates the wild, untamed spirit within every woman and offers guidance on how to live a more vibrant, fulfilling life in harmony with one's true nature.

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • One million copies sold! “A deeply spiritual book [that] honors what is tough, smart and untamed in women.”—The Washington Post Book World Book club pick for Emma Watson’s Our Shared Shelf Within every woman there lives a powerful force, filled with good instincts, passionate creativity, and ageless knowing. She is the Wild Woman, who represents the instinctual nature of women. But she is an endangered species. For though the gifts of wildish nature belong to us at birth, society’s attempt to “civilize” us into rigid roles has muffled the deep, life-giving messages of our own souls. In Women Who Run with the Wolves, Dr. Clarissa Pinkola Estés unfolds rich intercultural myths, fairy tales, folk tales, and stories, many from her own traditions, in order to help women reconnect with the fierce, healthy, visionary attributes of this instinctual nature. Through the stories and commentaries in this remarkable book, we retrieve, examine, love, and understand the Wild Woman, and hold her against our deep psyches as one who is both magic and medicine. Dr. Estés has created a new lexicon for describing the female psyche. Fertile and life-giving, it is a psychology of women in the truest sense, a knowing of the soul.

sciencefiction

Science Fiction

books

Books

Clarissa Pinkola Estés Phd

Women Who Run with the Wolves

Pirsig's main concept is "Quality," an intuitive value that guides our actions and forms reality. It bridges the subjective and objective worlds.

Quality

The author differentiates between rational, analytical classical understanding and intuitive, artistic romantic understanding. Both are needed for a full grasp of the world.

Classical and Romantic Understanding

The book introduces a new philosophy where Quality is the fundamental reality, and everything else, including subjects and objects, stem from it.

Metaphysics of Quality

The need for care in all our actions Is essential, as it leads to better outcomes.

Importance of Care

Western culture's dualistic thinking, which divides the world into opposites. The author advocates for a holistic understanding that goes beyond these divisions.

Destructiveness of Dualistic Thinking

The book delves into the protagonist's past and his philosophical ideas, which challenge the dichotomy between the romantic and classical understanding of the world.

THE CLASSIC BOOK THAT HAS INSPIRED MILLIONSA penetrating examination of how we live and how to live betterFew books transform a generation and then establish themselves as touchstones for the generations that follow. Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance is one such book. This modern epic of a man’s search for meaning became an instant bestseller on publication in 1974, acclaimed as one of the most exciting books in the history of American letters. It continues to inspire millions.  A narration of a summer motorcycle trip undertaken by a father and his son, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance becomes a personal and philosophical odyssey into fundamental questions on how to live. The narrator's relationship with his son leads to a powerful self-reckoning; the craft of motorcycle maintenance leads to an austerely beautiful process for reconciling science, religion, and humanism. Resonant with the confusions of existence, this classic is a touching and transcendent book of life.This new edition contains an interview with Pirsig and letters and documents detailing how this extraordinary book came to be.

mindfulness

Mindfulness

education

Learning & Education

Robert Pirsig is an accomplished writer whose work has resonated with readers around the world. Robert Pirsig has published several books that explore a range of topics, from fiction to nonfiction, and has received critical acclaim for the ability to weave compelling narratives. Robert Pirsig's writing style is known for its depth and authenticity, and has earned quite a loyal following of readers.

Robert Pirsig

Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance

Religion us not really ablut deities. Religion is about interpreting the world through myth, rituals and folklore. As opposed to data, experimentation and rarionalism.Religion imposes a narrative structure to the world as opposed to the scientific approach. This also explains why the religious impulse is so universal.

Religion Is Not About Gods Necesarily

Orthodox Religions like Catholicism focus on belief and the manifestation of that belief. You have to șah the right words, pray and so forth. Orthopractic Religions like Judaism are much more focus on acting a certain way. How you act is more important than what you say. Clearly the first are much more popular than the second. Because talking is cheaper.

Orthodox vs Orthopractic Religions

Christianity is Judaism with product market fit.

In this conversation, Erik Torenberg sits down with Antonio Garcia Martinez, founder of Spindl and author of ‘Chaos Monkeys’, and Parker Thompson, partner at SAX Capital, TNT Ventures, and AngelList, to explore the influence of social media on society. They discuss media literacy and journalism, how politics change people's views of social media, and the rise of unique religious movements in social activism. This episode marks the first time Erik interviewed Antonio Garcia Martinez on Venture Stories back in 2019 and remains relevant today. If you're looking for an ERP platform, check out NetSuite: https://netsuite.com/zen. -- SPONSORS: NETSUITE NetSuite has 25 years of providing financial software for all your business needs. More than 36,000 businesses have already upgraded to NetSuite by Oracle, gaining visibility and control over their financials, inventory, HR, eCommerce, and more. If you’re looking for an ERP platform head to NetSuite: http://netsuite.com/zen and download your own customized KPI checklist.  --  FOLLOW ON X: @antoniogm (Antonio) @pt (Parker) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @moz_podcast (Moment of Zen) @TurpentineMedia  -- BOOKS CITED: Chaos Monkeys by Antonio Garcia Martinez Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man by Marshall McLuhan  Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business by Neil Postman The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America by Daniel J. Boorstin The Revolt of the Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium by Martin Gurri Seven Types of Atheism by John Gray --  TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (01:23) Impact of Facebook (02:41) Evolution of Media and Its Influence on Society (10:10) Journalism and Media Ethics (26:25) Effectiveness of Media Regulation (33:10) Facebook's Content Curation (34:02) Content Control (35:32) Impact of Algorithms on Society and Business (38:50) Generational Shifts in Media Consumption (45:57) Exploring the Ideology of Silicon Valley (49:44) Secular Religions and the Quest for Community (58:39) Future of Religion and Community in the Digital Age (01:03:36) Wrap  This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We’re launching new shows every week, and we’re looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co.

religionandspirituality

Religion & Spirituality

motivationandinspiration

Motivation & Inspiration

podcasts

Podcasts

Every week, Erik Torenberg, Dan Romero, Antonio Garcia Martinez and frequent special guests discuss what's happening in technology, business, politics, and beyond. Moment of Zen is part of the Turpentine podcast network. Learn more: turpentine.co

"Moment of Zen"

E70:  Antonio on Social Media, Journalism, and New Religions with Parker Thompson

New Religions with Antonio Garcia Martinez

In 1972, Steve Jobs enrolled at Reed College but decided to drop out after just one semester due to the financial strain on his parents. However, he continued to audit classes that piqued his interest, one of which was a course on calligraphy. It was this class that introduced him to the beauty of typography, teaching him about varying typefaces and the delicate balance of spacing between letters—knowledge that seemed impractical at the time but would prove invaluable later.

The Unconventional Path: Steve Jobs and the Calligraphy Class that Shaped the Mac

Jobs famously credited this course for the revolutionary typography of the first Macintosh computer. In an era when personal computers were largely utilitarian, the Mac stood out not just for its graphical user interface but also for its beautiful typography. Jobs' insistence on incorporating a wide range of fonts, including serif and sans-serif types with adjustable spacing, directly stemmed from his appreciation for calligraphy. This attention to detail in typography was unprecedented in personal computing and set a new standard for design elegance in technology.

Impact on the Macintosh

Despite his monumental success with Apple, Jobs faced a shocking turn of events when he was ousted from the company he co-founded. This period could have been the end of his career in technology; instead, it marked the beginning of a transformative phase in his life. It was his unwavering passion for his work and deep love for what he did that fueled his comeback.

Resilience in the Face of Adversity: The Steve Jobs Journey of Passion and Perseverance

During this tumultuous time, Jobs didn't just find solace in his work; he also found love, marrying Laurene Powell. His personal life flourished alongside his professional endeavors as he went on to purchase the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which would become Pixar Animation Studios. Pixar revolutionized animation and storytelling, culminating in the creation of "Toy Story," the first ever feature-length computer-animated film.Simultaneously, Jobs founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in higher education and business markets.

Finding Love and Building New Ventures:

Steve Jobs famously highlighted the finite nature of life as a pivotal realization that should guide our decisions and ambitions. Understanding that our time here is limited compels us to focus on what genuinely matters—pursuing paths that align with our deepest passions rather than succumbing to societal pressures or the expectations of others.

The Finite Nature of Life and Personal Fulfillment

The act of questioning our actions and choices is more than just a momentary pause; it's an essential practice for ensuring that our lives reflect our true interests and values. If we find ourselves repeatedly questioning our pursuits, it might indicate a deeper misalignment between our actions and our authentic selves. This realization is not a signal of failure but an opportunity to redirect our lives toward more fulfilling endeavors.

The Significance of Asking "Why?":

I believe that Steve Jobs has a very interesting story because you might have thought that such a successful man would have had a perfect backstory, but we learn that it's quite the opposite!

Steve Jobs: The Exclusive Biography - https://amzn.to/3zKeTM6


Steve Jobs delivers an inspirational speech. Listen to the end for the most life changing quote of all-time. Don't let anyone ever tell you that you cannot achieve your dreams.

You will be inspired and motivated to go out there and achieve your goals. I hope you all enjoy this motivational video. :)

Speaker: Steve Jobs
Steven Paul Jobs was an American business magnate, industrial designer, investor, and media proprietor. He was the chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), and co-founder of Apple Inc.; the chairman and majority shareholder of Pixar; a member of The Walt Disney Company's board of directors following its acquisition of Pixar; and the founder, chairman, and CEO of NeXT. Jobs is widely recognized as a pioneer of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, along with his early business partner and fellow Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak.


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Creativity

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Product & Design

This channel is about improving people's lives through motivation, inspiration and education, from the high achievers of the world. Our goal is to keep you motivated so that you can achieve your goals and follow your dreams. We are working hard to make your day better and push you to be your best! Whether you're studying, working out, or just feeling unmotivated, we have the Motivational Video for you!

Our team of talented video editors licenses all the music and visuals and adds high quality edits and special effects to create complete new, original video releases. Our compilations are carefully crafted to bring you a combination of original content, fresh edited versions of content.

Motivation is what will get you started, but it's the consistent work, day in and day out, that will create measurable value in your life!

Happy journey. :)

Motivation Ark

One of the Greatest Speeches Ever | Steve Jobs

They are playing a game. They are playing at not playing a game. If I show them I see they are, I shall break the rules and they will punish me. I must play their game, of not seeing I see the game.

Il y en a qui contestent, qui revendiquent et qui protestent. Moi je ne fais qu'un seul geste, je retourne ma veste. Je retourne ma veste toujours du bon cote.There are those who contest, who demand and who protest. I only make one move, I turn my jacket inside out. I always turn my jacket the right side out.

Everybody's playing the game, but nobody's rules are the same.Never make a promise or plan. Take a little love where you can.Never stay too long in your bed. Never lose your heart, use your head.Never take a stranger's advice. Never let a friend fool you twice.Never be the first to believe. Never be the last to deceive.Never leave a moment too soon. Never waste a hot afternoon.Never stay a minute too long. Don't forget the best will go wrong.Better learn to go it alone. Recognise you're out on your own.Nobody's on nobody's side.

Sometimes schizophrenics and opportunists make more sense than bigots.

politics

Politics

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

“Everybody’s Playing A Game. Nobody's On Nobody's Side.”

As we all know that India recently saw the hottest February since 1901 just few days back.We all know that global warming is the talk of the town but the impact of colonialism on climate change is mind bloggling but it is true and I am not the one saying it but the intergovernmental panel on climate change.

Colonialism's Climate Impact

In their latest report, IPCC states that incorporating colonialism as a factor in global warming is crucial.
Factors contributing to the effect of climate change:
<ul>
<li>The use of non-renewable resources</li>
<li>Industrialization</li>
<li>Colonialism</li>
</ul>

The Impact of Colonialism on Global Warming

Climate change isn't the only factor behind Australia's ongoing bushfires. The displacement of indigenous people and disruption of their land practices plays a crucial role. 

 🚨 Did you know? The impact of colonialism has made certain people and places more vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including the current state of bushfires in Australia. 🔥 

<ul>
<li> These ongoing colonial forms have led to the displacement of indigenous people and disrupted their land practices. </li>
<li> This has worsened the devastation caused by Australia's recent 19-20 bushfires. </li>
</ul>

Colonialism and Climate Change's Impact on Australia's Bushfires

India's soils were severely damaged from colonialism's practice of forced indigo farming.
 Some of the effects include:
<ul>
 <li>Land used for indigo was unfit for farming for up to 50 years</li>
 <li>High levels of erosion and depletion of nutrients</li>
 <li>Endangered livelihoods and contributed to famine</li>
</ul>
 Let's learn from history and strive for sustainable agriculture practices. 🌱🌍

Impact of Colonialism on Soil Degradation in India

Climate science is tied to imperialism and colonialism, where the environment was disregarded and only exploited. Let's not repeat this for future generations. Let's be responsible.✌️
We must be mindful of our actions towards the environment, as it impacts our future.🌍

Climate Science and Imperialism

Can forgotten roots of colonialism be impacting India's environment even today

longevity

Longevity

Environment change and Colonialism

Dune is the best-selling SF novel of all time. Created by Frank Herbert in the 1960s, it changed SF forever with its deeply philosophical flavor of science fiction. The story takes place in a distant future where humanity is divided into a feudal system, ruled by an emperor and armies that fight using blades. There is no technology except for a magical drug called "spice" that can only be found on the planet Arrakis, home of the giant sand worms.Paul is a prince from House Atreides who leads the Fremen, the natives of Arrakis, against the enemies of his house and then the empire at large.

Frank Herbert's Dune

Frank Herbert's Sources of Inspiration:<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Studying sand dunes for work</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Experimentation with psychedelic drugs in the 60s</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Basing Paul on historical figures like Alexander the Great or Lawrence of Arabia</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Comparing the fremen to Arab bedouins and the Harkonens to Soviets</li></ul>In Dune, Herbert weaves historical lessons through an allegorical tale that is both complex and intriguing.

The Inspiration Behind Dune

Arrakis is the only planet in the Dune Universe where the spice is produced. The spice is essential for interstellar travel, as the operators of spaceships need it to plot courses & for the religion in the empire as a conscience-enhancing drug. <ul><li class="ql-align-justify"> Frank Herbert consumed both magic mushrooms & LSD during the hippie revolution and came to believe that expanding our consciousness is a better path forward for humanity than technology. </li><li class="ql-align-justify"> During his time, the importance of oil became obvious, which at that time came from the Middle East. </li></ul> Herbert thus combined these two magical ingredients into one.

Where Does the Spice Come From?

Paul's history is Greek. Atreides, Leto, and all are Greek names. Leto's banner was a bull, an ancient Greek symbol. Like Alexander the Great, Paul had a great dad, a powerful mom who belonged to a religious sect & had to blend with the desert people to rule over them.But Paul's story is also that of T. E. Lawrence, a famous Englishman who led the Arabs against the Ottoman occupation during WW1. Like Paul, Lawrence adopted the culture of the Arab population and was a big advocate for Arab nationalism.However, Paul is not a good guy. His accession serves as a warning against prophets.

The Messiah

Feudalism is the system of government in "Dune," similar to the Middle Ages or "Game of Thrones." This is because Frank Herbert believed feudalism was the natural political order. He believed most people want to be led and that freedom was a burden for most. So, in "Dune," society is divided into houses:<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">The Atreides represent the civilized West.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">The Harkonnen are the Soviets, which Herbert despised (he was related to Joseph McCarthy, a U.S. anti-communist).</li><li class="ql-align-justify">The Corrinos, the house of the Emperor, are the Ottomans who created the modern standing army (like the Sardaukar in "Dune").</li></ul>

The Houses

The Fremen are the Arabs, conquered by the Ottomans and ruled by the British and the French. Arabs became the model for the Fremen, the native population of Arrakis.Like the Arabs sitting on piles of oil, the Fremen's planet is the only planet producing spice. And like the Arabs, their religion is heavily dependent on prophecies. Frank Herbert believed that the Arabs could form a new superpower if they managed to unite under one banner. A unification that has to be religious in nature, just like in his book.

The Fremen

There are no computers in Dune. The interstellar ships are operated by humans and the fighting is done with blades, not lasers. Before the events in the books, Herbert imagined a war between humans and AI, after which technology became banned. Personal shields, immune to projectile weapons, elevated the use of swords.Herbert was distrustful of technology. After experimenting with psychedelic drugs, he became convinced that our progress relied more on the expansion of our consciousness. That's why the spice plays such a key role in his books.

The Ban on Technology

What are some of the themes and historical references for Dune? 

Frank Herbert's original Dune was published in 1965, and became the best selling sci-fi novel of all time. With the release of Denis Villeneuve's Dune: Part Two, the novel has been successfully adapted for the big screen, after decades of misfiring attempts. But what are the origins of the Dune universe? Who are the Fremen? Is it an allegory for the world we live in? 

In this video, Matt Lewis talks through the history behind this epic story, from Arab nationalism to magic mushrooms and the origins of the Atreides. The script and editing was by James Carson. 

Frank Herbert portrait credit: MOHAI, Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection, 2000.107.087.11.01, photo by Gilbert W. Arias.

Discover the past on History Hit with ad-free exclusive podcasts and documentaries released weekly presented by world renowned historians Dan Snow, Suzannah Lipscomb, Lucy Worsely, Mary Beard and more. Watch, listen and read history wherever you are, whenever you want it. Available on all devices: Apple TV, Amazon Prime Video, Android TV, Samsung Smart TV, Roku, Xbox, Chromecast, and iOs & Android.

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00:00 Intro and Plot
03:08 The Origins of Dune
06:00 Cold War in the Middle East 
10:00 Arabic Influences
11:28 Religious Belief Systems
14:15 Laurence of Arabia and the Arab World
17:37 Greek Influences
21:08 Imperialism and Feudalism
22:40 Technology

movies

Movies & Shows

Discover the past on History Hit with ad-free exclusive podcasts and documentaries released weekly presented by world renowned historians Dan Snow, Suzannah Lipscomb, Lucy Worsley, Mary Beard and more. Watch, listen and read history wherever you are, whenever you want it. Available on all devices: Apple TV, Amazon Prime Video, Android TV, Samsung Smart TV, Roku, Xbox, Chromecast, and iOs & Android.

We're offering a special discount to History Hit for our subscribers, get 50% off your first 3 months with code YOUTUBE: https://www.historyhit.com/subscription/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=description&utm_campaign=YouTube2024


History Hit

The History Behind Dune | Arab Nationalism, Magic Mushrooms and The Cold War

The History Behind Dune: Arab Nationalism, Magic Mushrooms & The Cold War

Books cannot be killed by fire. People die, but books never die. No man and no force can put thought in a concentration camp forever. No man and no force can take from the world the books that embody man's eternal fight against tyranny. In this war, we know, books are weapons.

In The War Of Ideas, Books Are Weapons

Have you ever wonder if everything that happens to you now and in the past are just a dream? Is it good for you? that all of your mistake is nothing but a phenomena that happened inside your brain, or it makes you scare and left anxious to think that you are sleeping all time and don't know what's with the waking world? Lets take a look with one of the notable anecdote in philosophy, Zhuangzi and the Butterfly.

The Questions

It started when Zhuangzi a great Daoist thinker fell asleep and dreamed that he was a butterfly. When he woke up, he did not know whether he really was a man who had dreamed he was a butterfly or whether he was a butterfly now dreaming he was a man.

Zhuangzi And The Butterfly

There is nothing wrong with doubting the reality and think the possibility of this hypothetical scenario to happen. In skepticism lens this is called "Global Skepticism".

Global Skepticism

They are doing doubt to everything, Global Skeptics claims that we cannot know whether our most fundamental belief are true or not. This idea rejects the possibility of knowledge in general. The introduction question is a kind of global doubt that leads to the one of the most famous argument of global skepticism called <a href="https://deepstash.com/idea/340702/the-dreaming-hypothesis">"The Dreaming Argument".</a>

Dreaming

Premise 1: We cannot always tell when we are dreaming. Premise 2: If we cannot tell, we cannot be certain that we are not dreaming right now.Premise 3: If we cannot be certain that we are not dreaming right now, then we cannot know anything about the external world.Conclusion: We cannot know anything about the external world.

The Hypothetical Syllogism of Dreaming Argument

This is a kind Global Skepticism because it presents the impossibility to have knowledge (We cannot know anything about the external world). The challenges in this argument can be found in all of its premises and to make the whole argument collapse, one must take the challenge to rule out those claims.

Philosophy of Zhuangzi a famous daoist and the global skepticism argument

meditation

Meditation

Zhuangzi and the Global Skepticism 

Find 100+ fun History Facts - European, American, Black, Asian across various periods - Curated by our community from books, articles or documentaries